If an object A exerts a force ‘F’ on B implies that object B exerts a force of’ ‘-F’ on A. The forces F and -F are related by Newton’s third law. These two forces F and -F are called as the action and reaction pair. One force is the cause and the other one is the reaction force.

One more important question ” Can you push your car by sitting inside the car?”  If you try it for a long time you will find that you have wasted all your energy. The reason is quite simple… The internal forces cannot accelerate a body. Everyone would appreciate this, all the internal forces nullify each other and the net force is zero. Consider a book on the table, at the molecular level, we find a lot of movement but still the book is still in rest.  Same as above, the internal forces cannot accelerate a body. Only when you exert a force on the external environment only then you experience a motion with respect to that environment. Even when you walk, you need to exert a force on the ground to move forward. Assume that you are floating in the space. How much ever you try, it is not possible to move by a whisker in the direction you wish to. Even if you try to exert a force, there is no reaction force and the action cannot be completed.Hence there should be some sort of a meduim or an environment on which a force exerted should produce a reaction force , only then movement or tendency of movement is possible. The study of forces is very interesting yet difficult to analyse…

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The most interesting and complicated term in physics is “RELATIVE”. We need to be extra careful when weare using the word relative. There are also special “Theory of Relativity” which describes the word”relative”. But we should not dare to study the “Theory of relativity” without knowing the basics of relative motion. Relative motion has its own status in the study of physics.

Suppose you are riding on your bike and you are caught in a mild rain and you decide to go home faster and you increase the speed of your bike and after sometime you realise that even a mild rain is causing heavy impact on you and you are unable to ride your bike. Many have experienced but why is this? The answer is simple, due to relative motion. The relative motion simply increases and hence the impact, which was initially low to a large extent. One very good example is when you see two trains running parallely at same velocity, you notice that the trains are in motion, but the person inside the train feels that both the trains are at rest,because there is no relative motion between them. What can we conclude??????

We can only observe motion of a body or particle only when there is a relative motion between the observer and the body. Is this true??? Yes it is, you can take the rotation of our own earth as an example.We stand on the earth and hence cannot observe the rotation of the earth, instead we can see the motion ofsun, moon and the other heavenly bodies.Suppose, if we stand on the moon, we feel that moon is stagnent and earth is revolving around it. Its just relative motion folks!!!! Can we say, the observation made bythe person on the moon is incorrect. We can say “yes” since we know that it is fact. How do you decide the observation made by the person on the moon is correct or the one on the earth???? puts in all sorts of trouble, right?? Let me give you an analogy to this problem. There is a running race going on and you are supposed to declare the winner at last.To make this possible, you will first put a starting point and an end point, in other words the refernce points. Now, this makes your job simpler in deciding the winner of the race.  These reference points is as important in observation of motion of heavenly bodies and other bodies as in the case of a running race. Now you can easily decide whether the observationmade by the one on the moon is right or the one on the earth. Yes!!, thats it.. you need a referencepoint to decide. What sort of a reference point? The reference point should be stationary with respectto both earth and the moon or should be in uniform relative motion with both earth and the moon bothin terms of magnitude and direction. Hence a reference point makes the study of the relative motionmore meaningful.Study of relative motion is important to both reduce its ill effects and also enjoy benifits of it..

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Whenever two bodies are kept in contact, whenever either one or two of them move or tend to move,

they experience a force of friction.The force of friction is zero on smooth surfaces although no

surface is frictionless however smooth it may be. Friction is an evil but more necessarily a friend.

Many of them are of the opinion that friction is only a evil but it is more necessary, but how? it will

explained it further. Friction is a force which opposses the RELATIVE motion between two bodies in contact

. Why am i stressing the word relative here? Consider a system of bodies A and B, A tied to a wall as

as shown. Let B be pulled with a force.

When the body is pulled, B tends to move in the direction of application of the force,since A istied to the wall, it tends to remain at rest. The direction of motion of B is rightwards and hence thedirection of friction is leftwards, now consider the bodies A and B, B is tending move towards right,since the motion of A is restricted, the direction of motion A with respect to  B is leftwards and hencethe direction of friction is rightwards. But the motion of the whole system is rightwards, and friction between A and B is also rightwards, this is aganist what is generally to be believed. Hence i stressedon the word RELATIVE motion. Whenever there is a motion of two or more bodies in contact, the directionof friction depends on the relative motion between the bodies and contact surfaces. The relative motionand relative velocities deicides the magnitude and direction of the force of friction. Hence we must beextra careful in deiciding the direction of frictional force in cases of relative motion.Most of us think that friction is always an evil that causes energy loss and so on. But the picture ofthis is completely different, this may be probably called as half knowledge or ignorance. Friction is more of a friend rather than an evil. Friction is necessary to even start a machine in which frictionis supposed to cause energy loss in the same machine. Even in many transmission systems, method oftransmission is effective through friction, although it causes energy loss in the same transmissionsystems.However it should be noted that friction can be reduced but cannot be made zero.Not necessarythat only in the above mentioned case, there are many cases that innolve the problems in finding outthe direction of friction which have relative motion in between them.There are cases such as man rowingin a boat experiences problems due to the water current (discussed in detail in relative motion) andalso the direction of wind, which causes resistence in other words friction to motion of the boat.Hence a person rowing in a particular direction may not reach his desired destination at all. Hence thereshould be a proper approach, analysis and solution to practical problems involving relative motion.

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This is a picture of a baby collected at the nuclear holocaust of the Chernobyl.

After seeing the ill effects of the blast, leakage and the disposed waste of nuclear power plants, people have raised a question mark on the usage of  nuclear energy for satisfaction of  energy requirement. But all our resources will be exhausted in near future and what about our future energy source??????

Here is the solution!!!!!!

Our own nuclear energy!!! But even after knowing the hazards is it feasible to opt nuclear energy to overcome energy crisis. This is all what this is about!!!  We can use nuclear energy without any hazards…But how is this possible??

Scientists have made this possible. Scientists from Indira Gandhi atomic research institute, India have claimed that they have developed  a polymer that can help to reduce the pollutants completely from the environment. Every nuclear power plants release very high amount of pollutants which are highly harzardous. If , by any means, a leakage occurs, the whole continent gets affected causing gene mutations and spreading to other continents also. We can prevent leakes but how do we dispose off the wastes. Generally the nuclear wastes are enclosed inside a lead container and buried deep inside the earths crust. But is this effective enough? Obviously the answer is ‘No!’. Then the only solution in front of  us is to eliminate the radio active radiation instead of trapping them inside a container. A successful research in this direction has led to the development of a polymer that can remove the radiations completely from the nuclear powerplants.The magic material is the cobalt imprinted polymer, which absorbs all the radiations on it.

“In this polymer, cobalt ions are joined together, all the radiations released from the plant is absorbed by it and hence prevents radio active pollution”, says Dr Sevilimedu, a senior scientist from Indira Gandhi atomic research center.Now the question is “Is this really possible?”. Well, the practical usability is to be tested yet and research is to being done to make it practically usable. We should really look forward to this development and use the nuclear energy to meet our demands without risking our safety!!!

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SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

By far, we have known the classification of physics and now to go in depth, we need to classify things to avoid complication and to simplify the analysis of the physics. “Systematic approach” is required in all the fields, we will be using this term often to understand the physics in more organized manner and to overcome any ambiguity in studying anything. Now what is “Systematic approach”. It cannot be explained in a sentence or two. Now this can be started with classification, then comes the analysis, followed by the observation, then by preparation of the models, then comes the experimental results, and finally the formulation of the theories and laws based on the experimental observations.

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Seeing below, one would get a better idea of what a systematic approach is and now we need to concentrate on how we need to implement the systematic approach in studying any phenomenon. Basically the incorporation of the “Systematic Approach” is very simple. You just need to follow the steps mentioned above.

Classification: – First of all, to study any natural phenomenon is to classify things before approaching to simply. Classification of things is done before going to observe. For example there exits both self luminous and non-self luminous bodies in the sky and you need to study only the luminous bodies. Then you should classify the bodies as self luminous and non self luminous bodies, this simplifies the things and helps to eliminate things which are irrelevant to your study.

Analysis: – Secondly we need to analyze things after the classification to proceed further. Systematic approach helps to simplify and study things. After knowing the classification say self luminous and non- self luminous, we need to analyze when we can see the self luminous body, which instrument can be used to see it, which instrument gives correct and accurate precision and so on.

Observation: – Now after classification and analysis, we need to have an instruments and the recording meter of the required type to observe and analyze further, say the body under study is a self luminous body, you need to have a spectrometer and the grating to find out the elements present in that particular body. Now the light rays from that body are allowed to fall on the telescope of the spectrometer and the spectrum of the light is analyzed.

Making of scientific models: – Making of scientific model is more important rather than making a mere model. Although it is not possible to make models of actual size because of the vastness of the object (sun) or the microscopic object (electron), making of models on a scientific scale is more important. Making of models helps to clear the doubts arisen during interpretation of the observed results.

Theories: – This is the final and ultimate step involved in Systematic approach. After all the experimental facts and numerical values are tabulated, one should try to explain the observed phenomenon on either quantum or classical lines. If anyone of these cannot explain the observed phenomenon, one should try to explain the phenomenon based on his own ideas satisfactorily without any ambiguity.

All these steps involved in making a successful theory and explain any phenomenon is by far the best method to explain “SYSTEMATIC APPROACH”

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Welcome to the fascinating world of physics. Nature is a mystery that cannot be cracked so easily. A part of this entire mystery can be tried to understand by experiments. Physics forms the basis of these experiments. Many scientists have conducted many experiments to understand nature; many of them have been successful to try and understand the concepts behind the observed facts and conducted experiments. Many of the facts observed in everyday life can be explained by physics but some of them look simple yet cannot be explained fully or partially by physics. Even there are some strange as well as amazing phenomenons that are observed and can be explained fully. Take for example, the phenomenon of superconductivity which is an amazing one and is satisfactorily explained by BCS theory. Using this theory many applications such as MAGLEV (Magnetically Levitated Vehicles) and a superconducting magnet are developed.     Explanations lead to the formulations of the theory, these theories supported by experimental observations gives rise to a “law”. Physics can be classified based on their nature and applicability of various proved facts to it.

As described, Newtonian physics or the classical physics, developed in order to explain the macroscopic phenomenon such as the motion of heavenly bodies, or any other macroscopic object. Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo can be rightfully called the founding fathers of classical physics. Out of the duo, Newton has contributed immensely to classical physics and hence it is named after him. The contribution of the latter cannot be disregarded. He laid the foundation stones for the construction of what a building called “The Astrophysics”. To explain their contribution in a nutshell, although not possible, right from the invention of the telescope and formulation of the three laws of motion to contribution in motion of heavenly bodies and work on gravitation. Now on the other hand talking about the quantum physics, first in all we need to know why the quantum physics was developed. Certain phenomenons at the atomic and sub-atomic levels were not being successfully explained by the classical mechanics and hence the theories and models based on the classical mechanics completely collapsed. There needed a new type of theory which could successfully explain atomic and sub-atomic phenomenon. This gave rise to the Quantum physics or called the Modern physics. Max Planck was the founding father of the modern or the quantum physics. The quantum physics could successfully explain all the phenomena at the atomic and sub-atomic levels. Based on the theory that “Energy is quantized”, the motion of electrons around the nucleus and the photo-electric effect, and many other were explained.

Both the classical and the modern physics are applicable and useful in their own way, the contributions of the scientists and the researchers have been immense. We should be indebted to those whose have invented many things based on the theories formulated by the scientists.